Genetic Distances

Genetic similarity / proximity / distance maps

From scaled G25 coordinates

For Portuguese, Spanish_Galicia:HG01704, and Kelt

Portuguese is the average Portuguese

HG01704 is the closest Galician or Portuguese to Kelt

Kelt is the website author

The Galician map (not shown) was identical to the Portuguese

Made with G25 Europe Heatmap PLUS by Girko Varpa

Displayed both as carousel and separate maps

The cyan blue contour groups all regions as close to or closer than Swiss_German

The lime green contour groups all regions as close to or closer than Swiss_French

Note how Basques are just outside cyan for Kelt and HG01704, and outside lime for Portuguese

This means from North to South, Galicians and Portuguese range from Alpine to Atlantic

Since Swiss_French is Alpine but Swiss_German is lowland, the whole range is still Alpine

The Basques are genetically the most Western or Atlantic people in Europe

The Galicians are genetically the most Central-European or Alpine people in Iberia

According to several independent measurements, both Galician-Portuguese and all Swiss are tied for the most Western people in Europe after the Basques and non-Galician Spaniards

Portuguese genetic distance map

Separate maps:

Portuguese:

Portuguese genetic distance map

Spanish_Galicia:HG01704:

Spanish Galicia HG01704 genetic distance map

Kelt:

Kelt genetic distance map

Portuguese and Galicians range from Atlantic to Alpine respectively, not Mediterranean:

Autosomal t-SNE (perplexity: 20; dimensions: 2) of European and Levantine populations:

Autosomal t-SNE of European and Levantine populations

Kelt location:

Kelt location on the autosomal t-SNE

Geographical correspondence to t-SNE:

Geographical correspondence to the autosomal t-SNE

Kelt is an individual of exclusively Northern Portuguese ancestry from Porto and nearby towns.

Using the Vahaduo G25 Genetic Distance Calculator, Kelt_scaled is closest to Portuguese, followed by Spanish_Galicia, whereas Kelt_unscaled is closest to Spanish_Galicia, followed by Portuguese.

This is Google's AI Overview for the question "how do scaled and unscaled G25 coordinates distance differ in meaning?":

Scaled Coordinate Distance

Meaning: Weighted by eigenvalues to reflect how much total genetic variance each principal component (PC) holds.

Impact on Distance: Early dimensions (broad continental splits) matter a lot, while higher dimensions (after PC10) are heavily penalized and contribute very little to the final number.

Use Case: Best for general, stable distance rankings and modeling that closely align with formal FST and global PCA stats without over-relying on noise.

Unscaled Coordinate Distance

Meaning: Raw output from the principal component analysis where every dimension has an equal voice regardless of how much total variance it represents.

Impact on Distance: Higher dimensions carry equal weight in the math, meaning unique local drift or minor population-specific markers dominate the distance value.

Use Case: Useful for specialized research into deep regional isolation or micro-structure, but risks distorting general closeness via overfitting